https://romanempire.dev/tags/system-design/ Recent content in System-Design on Roman Empire Hugo -- gohugo.io en contact@romanempire.dev (Roman) contact@romanempire.dev (Roman) 🦆 Wed, 15 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://romanempire.dev/posts/tech/system-design/api/ Wed, 15 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 contact@romanempire.dev (Roman) https://romanempire.dev/posts/tech/system-design/api/ <h2 class="relative group">API Paradigms <div id="api-paradigms" class="anchor"></div> <span class="absolute top-0 w-6 transition-opacity opacity-0 -start-6 not-prose group-hover:opacity-100 select-none"> <a class="text-primary-300 dark:text-neutral-700 !no-underline" href="#api-paradigms" aria-label="Anchor">#</a> </span> </h2> <details class="admonition relative overflow-hidden rounded-lg border-l-4 my-3 px-4 py-3 shadow-sm group" data-type="info" > <summary class="flex items-center gap-2 font-semibold text-inherit cursor-pointer"> <div class="flex shrink-0 h-5 w-5 items-center justify-center text-lg"><span class="relative block icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256 0C114.6 0 0 114.6 0 256s114.6 256 256 256s256-114.6 256-256S397.4 0 256 0zM256 128c17.67 0 32 14.33 32 32c0 17.67-14.33 32-32 32S224 177.7 224 160C224 142.3 238.3 128 256 128zM296 384h-80C202.8 384 192 373.3 192 360s10.75-24 24-24h16v-64H224c-13.25 0-24-10.75-24-24S210.8 224 224 224h32c13.25 0 24 10.75 24 24v88h16c13.25 0 24 10.75 24 24S309.3 384 296 384z"/></svg> </span></div> <div class="grow"> <strong>REST</strong> (Representational State Transfer) </div> <div class="ms-auto flex h-5 w-5 items-center justify-center transition-transform ease-in-out -rotate-90 group-open:rotate-0 print:hidden"><span class="relative block icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor" aria-hidden="true" > <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.23 7.21a.75.75 0 011.06.02L10 11.168l3.71-3.938a.75.75 0 111.08 1.04l-4.25 4.5a.75.75 0 01-1.08 0l-4.25-4.5a.75.75 0 01.02-1.06z" clip-rule="evenodd" /> </svg> </span></div> </summary><div class="admonition-content mt-3 text-base leading-relaxed text-inherit"><ul> <li><strong>Characteristics:</strong> <ul> <li><code>Stateless</code> architecture</li> <li>Uses <code>standard HTTP methods</code> (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE)</li> <li>Typically uses <code>JSON</code> for data exchange</li> <li><code>Resource-oriented</code> design</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Pros:</strong> <ul> <li>Simple and widely adopted</li> <li>Scalable and cacheable</li> <li>Separation of client and server</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Cons:</strong> <ul> <li>Potential for <code>over-fetching</code> or <code>under-fetching</code> data</li> <li>Multiple round trips for complex data requirements</li> </ul> </li> </ul></div></details><details class="admonition relative overflow-hidden rounded-lg border-l-4 my-3 px-4 py-3 shadow-sm group" data-type="info" > <summary class="flex items-center gap-2 font-semibold text-inherit cursor-pointer"> <div class="flex shrink-0 h-5 w-5 items-center justify-center text-lg"><span class="relative block icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256 0C114.6 0 0 114.6 0 256s114.6 256 256 256s256-114.6 256-256S397.4 0 256 0zM256 128c17.67 0 32 14.33 32 32c0 17.67-14.33 32-32 32S224 177.7 224 160C224 142.3 238.3 128 256 128zM296 384h-80C202.8 384 192 373.3 192 360s10.75-24 24-24h16v-64H224c-13.25 0-24-10.75-24-24S210.8 224 224 224h32c13.25 0 24 10.75 24 24v88h16c13.25 0 24 10.75 24 24S309.3 384 296 384z"/></svg> </span></div> <div class="grow"> <strong>GraphQL</strong> </div> <div class="ms-auto flex h-5 w-5 items-center justify-center transition-transform ease-in-out -rotate-90 group-open:rotate-0 print:hidden"><span class="relative block icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor" aria-hidden="true" > <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.23 7.21a.75.75 0 011.06.02L10 11.168l3.71-3.938a.75.75 0 111.08 1.04l-4.25 4.5a.75.75 0 01-1.08 0l-4.25-4.5a.75.75 0 01.02-1.06z" clip-rule="evenodd" /> </svg> </span></div> </summary><div class="admonition-content mt-3 text-base leading-relaxed text-inherit"><ul> <li><strong>Characteristics:</strong> <ul> <li><code>Single endpoint</code> for all operations</li> <li><code>Strongly typed schema</code>-based queries</li> <li>Allows clients to request <code>specific data</code></li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Pros:</strong> <ul> <li>Avoids over-fetching and under-fetching</li> <li><code>Flexible</code> data retrieval</li> <li>Strong typing and introspection</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Cons:</strong> <ul> <li>Complex queries can impact <code>server performance</code></li> <li>Always responds with <code>HTTP 200</code> (error handling complexity)</li> <li>Steeper learning curve</li> </ul> </li> </ul></div></details><details class="admonition relative overflow-hidden rounded-lg border-l-4 my-3 px-4 py-3 shadow-sm group" data-type="info" > <summary class="flex items-center gap-2 font-semibold text-inherit cursor-pointer"> <div class="flex shrink-0 h-5 w-5 items-center justify-center text-lg"><span class="relative block icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256 0C114.6 0 0 114.6 0 256s114.6 256 256 256s256-114.6 256-256S397.4 0 256 0zM256 128c17.67 0 32 14.33 32 32c0 17.67-14.33 32-32 32S224 177.7 224 160C224 142.3 238.3 128 256 128zM296 384h-80C202.8 384 192 373.3 192 360s10.75-24 24-24h16v-64H224c-13.25 0-24-10.75-24-24S210.8 224 224 224h32c13.25 0 24 10.75 24 24v88h16c13.25 0 24 10.75 24 24S309.3 384 296 384z"/></svg> </span></div> <div class="grow"> <strong>gRPC</strong> (Google Remote Procedure Call) </div> <div class="ms-auto flex h-5 w-5 items-center justify-center transition-transform ease-in-out -rotate-90 group-open:rotate-0 print:hidden"><span class="relative block icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor" aria-hidden="true" > <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.23 7.21a.75.75 0 011.06.02L10 11.168l3.71-3.938a.75.75 0 111.08 1.04l-4.25 4.5a.75.75 0 01-1.08 0l-4.25-4.5a.75.75 0 01.02-1.06z" clip-rule="evenodd" /> </svg> </span></div> </summary><div class="admonition-content mt-3 text-base leading-relaxed text-inherit"><ul> <li><strong>Characteristics:</strong> <ul> <li>Built on <code>HTTP/2</code> protocol</li> <li>Uses <code>Protocol Buffers</code> for serialization</li> <li>Supports <code>streaming</code> (unary, server, client, bidirectional)</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Pros:</strong> <ul> <li><code>High performance</code> and low latency</li> <li>Efficient <code>binary serialization</code></li> <li>Strong typing with protocol buffers</li> <li>Supports <code>multiplexing</code> and server push</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Cons:</strong> <ul> <li>Less <code>human-readable</code> (binary format)</li> <li>Requires HTTP/2 support</li> <li>Limited <code>browser support</code></li> <li>Steeper learning curve compared to REST</li> </ul> </li> </ul></div></details><p><strong>Use Cases</strong></p> https://romanempire.dev/posts/tech/system-design/solid/ Tue, 14 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 contact@romanempire.dev (Roman) https://romanempire.dev/posts/tech/system-design/solid/ <p>SOLID is a set of five object-oriented design principles, that guide writing maintainable, scalable, and testable code. Each letter stands for a principle that, when followed together, reduces tight coupling and makes systems easier to extend without breaking existing behavior.</p> <blockquote><p>Core Principles</p> <ul> <li><code>S</code> - Single-responsibility Principle</li> <li><code>O</code> - Open-closed Principle</li> <li><code>L</code> - Liskov Substitution Principle</li> <li><code>I</code> - Interface Segregation Principle</li> <li><code>D</code> - Dependency Inversion Principle</li> </ul> </blockquote> <h2 class="relative group">Single-Responsibility Principle <div id="single-responsibility-principle" class="anchor"></div> <span class="absolute top-0 w-6 transition-opacity opacity-0 -start-6 not-prose group-hover:opacity-100 select-none"> <a class="text-primary-300 dark:text-neutral-700 !no-underline" href="#single-responsibility-principle" aria-label="Anchor">#</a> </span> </h2> <blockquote><p>A class should have one and only one reason to change, meaning that a class should have only one job.</p>